Advanced Tandem Solar-Cell Architectures: Beyond the Conventional Silicon–Perovskite Paradigm

Abstract

This article examines advanced tandem solar-cell architectures that extend beyond the conventional silicon–perovskite paradigm. Using an integrated approach that combines theoretical modelling, numerical simulations, and experimental investigations, a comparative analysis of the performance of single-junction and multijunction photovoltaic devices is presented. The results demonstrate that tandem architectures substantially outperform single-junction solar cells: perovskite–silicon tandem devices achieve power conversion efficiencies of approximately 27%, whereas triple-junction configurations based on III–V–Si material systems exceed 30%. Optical modelling confirms the optimal spectral distribution among the constituent absorber layers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal improved surface morphology after optimization of the synthesis process, while long-term stability tests highlight the critical role of encapsulation in maintaining device performance.
Particular attention is given to emerging technological strategies, including the integration of two-dimensional materials such as graphene and MoS₂, the incorporation of photonic crystals to enhance light trapping, and the development of lead-free perovskites to improve environmental compatibility. The obtained results are consistent with global record trends, although they remain slightly below the highest reported values in absolute terms. It is projected that by 2040 tandem photovoltaic technologies may account for more than 40% of the solar-energy market, thereby contributing to the expansion of renewable energy deployment and the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Overall, tandem solar cells represent a key direction in the future development of photovoltaics and may play a significant role in the global energy transition.